Although the Hague-Visby Rules as they stand alone do not apply to live animals or to deck cargo which is stated (on the face of the bill of lading) as being carried on deck and is so carried, COGSA 71 reverses this by stating that the rules will apply as if they did not exclude deck cargo and live animals.
How does the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 alter the carrier’s obligations as to live animals and deck cargoes?
