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What are the Hague Rules, the Hague- Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules?

Internationally agreed rules that define the basic contractual obligations, rights, liabilities and immunities of sea carriers and cargo shippers where a bill of lading or sea waybill is issued.Β 

They are sometimes known as liability regimes. They are all in force, but none of them is universally applied in every country, and some countries are not party to any of these rules.

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Written by Ship Inspection

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Which of the rules in the previous question are generally used in sea carriage?

In what circumstances is it possible for the carrier to issue a sea waybill rather than a bill of lading?